Provided the fact that -defensins 2 are synthesized by epitheliocytes of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, in response to any damaging factor, it is assumed that it can be used as a regional molecular marker of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper intestine (18)

Provided the fact that -defensins 2 are synthesized by epitheliocytes of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, in response to any damaging factor, it is assumed that it can be used as a regional molecular marker of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper intestine (18). between the age of 2C10 years (average age: 6.1 1.2 years) and 32 HC (average age: 6.2 3.8 years) in this study. We evaluated the level of fecal -defensin-2 and FC levels in coprofiltrates, and the level of anti-BPI antibodies in blood serum. Correlation relationships between the parameters were assessed according to Pearson SR3335 correlation coefficient. Results Fecal -defensin-2 concentration was greater in the CD group than in HC group, amounting to 99.6 15.5 ng/mL and 64.0 2.4 ng/mL, respectively ( 0.02). The level of FC in the CD children was 35.4 8.1 g/g, while SR3335 that in the control group was 19.1 1.1 g/g, ( 0.05), representing a slightly increase. The concentration of anti-BPI antibodies in the CD and HC groups was 35.9 10.1 U/mL and 5.2 3.2 U/mL, respectively ( 0.002). There was a strong and direct correlation between fecal -defensin-2 and FC (= 0.69), as well as a direct but weak relationship between fecal -defensin-2 and anti-BPI antibodies (= 0.35). Conclusions Our data reinforce that fecal -defensin-2 and anti-BPI antibodies are greatly increased in patients with active CD. These biomarkers may be components of epithelial innate immunity in the intestine, with each having a distinct functional role in intestinal6 mucosal defense. recognition of the dominant gliadin epitopes by T cells and creates a proinflammatory environment necessary for subsequent T cell activation and tissue destruction (5). The composition SR3335 of the intestinal microbiota of patients with CD is altered compared to that of healthy controls (HCs) and is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of CD (6C10). In particular, studies have shown a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria, such as and in CD. The revealed changes indicate the transition from the preclinical stage of the disease to impaired gluten tolerance and the subsequent development of CD and can serve as microbial markers of disease progression toward the onset. Therefore, an increase in the strains of microorganisms associated with inflammatory and autoimmune processes has been reported to cause impaired gluten tolerance in the preclinical stage of the disease. The innate immune system includes such an important element as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) present on various surfaces of the human body, as well as in human neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (13). AMPs have been identified as key regulators of interactions between commensal microbes and host tissues (14). The best-known function is antimicrobial activity against invading microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses (15C17) and exhibit other biological functions such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neutralization, wound healing, chemotactic activity, and immunomodulation of epithelial surfaces (18C20). In addition to these direct antimicrobial activities, AMPs have also been found to play essential roles in shaping the composition of the local microbiome (21). It has now been established that specific producers of -defensins 2 in the colon are mucosal enterocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (22). Given the fact that -defensins 2 are synthesized by epitheliocytes of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, Rabbit Polyclonal to UBF1 including the stomach, in response to any damaging factor, it is assumed that it can be used as a regional molecular marker of inflammation SR3335 of the mucous membrane of the upper intestine (18). In particular, there is an increase in fecal beta-defensin 2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (23). Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a calcium-binding heterodimer of the S100 protein family present in human and other mammalian granulocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells (24). FC is released upon neutrophil/monocyte activation and can be found in serum and body fluids, including stool (25). The.